Yuunus Hajji Mul’ataa
May
12/2012
For more than four months, Ethiopian
Muslims have been protesting against the “Ahbashism Campaign” supposedly
masterminded by the government and the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs in
Ethiopia (called “Majlis” in short). The protests usually take place on Friday
after the completion of “Salatul Jum’a” (Friday Prayer). Slogans like “We want
our right! Stop Ahbashism campaign! The people want to step down the Majlis!
Allahu Akbar!!” have become formal mottos of the public.
The Muslims denounce the continued
government interference in the religious affairs; they also highly demand an
indoctrination of the mass with Ahbash ideology (called by the people “the
Ahbashism Campaign”) to come to an end; the right of the public to elect the
leaders of the Muslim community is the third request.
The small protest started at “Aweliya
Islamic Institute” has now spread beyond Addis Ababa and reached the towns of
Dessie, Dire Dawa, Harar, Shashemene, Assela, Adama, Jimma, Gondar, Alaba,
Baddessa, Assasa, Chagni etc. These protests have largely remained peaceful.
But after the government security forces killed at least seven protestors in
the town of Assasa on April 27/2012), tension highly grew in the country.
Although Ethiopian Muslims were
shouting for their rights for about ten months, their case came to the global
media only after the Assasa killings. Many of these media outlets are deficient
in explaining the true nature of the struggle. On the other hand, rather than
responding to the people’s request in appropriate manner, the Ethiopian
government undermine the protesters and categorize them as extremists who want
to sow instability and riot in the country. Consequently, many people were made
to lose a clear knowledge about the ongoing peaceful movement.
Accordingly, I, an Ethiopian Muslim
who has a chance to follow up the case attentively, decide to write this
article to share what I know about the current Ethiopian Muslim movement. The
article covers a period between July 15/ 2011 and May 11/2012.
The “Ahbashism” and “Anti-Ahbashism”
Campaigns
According to the Muslim informants
representing the majority, in July 2011, the Ethiopian Supreme Council for
Islamic Affairs (popularly called “Majlisul A’ila” or “Majlis” in short) has
started a country wide program aimed at amalgamating the Muslim populace
according to the beliefs and doctrines of the politico-religious faction called
“Association of Islamic Charitable Projects” but whom the public know as
“Ahbash” (the “Abyssinians”, a term denoting Ethiopia where Sheikh Abdullah
Al-Harari, the founder of the faction, was born). The program started by
training the leaders of the “Majlis” committee of the districts and imams of
the mosques and in the long run, according to informants, it will encompass all
Muslims of the country. They call this effort of Majlis “the Ahbashism
Campaign” and they say that it is fully supported by the government of
Ethiopia. They also say that both parties (the Majlis and the government) claim
that “The new campaign is undertaken to eradicate religious extremism from the
country which a radical Islamist movement called ‘Wahhabiyya’ was sowing in
every direction for more than a decade”.
According to the informants, the wide
majority (over 85%) of the Ethiopian Muslims believe “the Ahbashism campaign”
to be unconstitutional and illegal blow aimed at suppressing their religious
rights and that they are trying to repel the campaign by their struggle which
they call simply “Anti-Ahbashism campaign”.
Composition of Ethiopian Muslim
Society
Ethiopia is a country where Islam sets
its foots during the life time of prophet Muhammad. In the early years of his
prophethood, when his followers were prosecuted by the pagans of Mecca, the
prophet advised some of his followers to seek refuge in Ethiopia where there
was a just king who didn’t oppress anyone because of his faith. Accordingly,
many of his early followers, including his daughter Ruqayya and her husband the
caliph Uthman ibn Affan, came to seek asylum under that pious king (called
“Armah” by Ethiopian writers and “Al-Nagashi” by Muslim writers). Since then,
together with Orthodox Christianity, Islam established itself as one of the two
dominant religions of the country.
Most of the Muslims of Ethiopia adhere
to the Shafi’i School of law, one of the four legal schools of Sunni Islam. The
Hanbali School has also a wide acceptance and its adherents are growing from
time to time. The Hanafi and Maliki Schools have some followers in the northern
and western peripheral areas. Tension within the Muslim society is very
negligible and all of the followers of the four schools strive to recruit
followers in peaceful ways. Furthermore, Muslims of Ethiopia developed an
exemplary tradition of peaceful co-existing with other faiths especially the
Orthodox Christianity.
Who is Ahbash? Why Most of Ethiopian Muslims
Oppose It?
“Ahbash” was born in Beirut, Lebanon, when an
Ethiopian scholar called Sheikh Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al-Harari Al-Habashi
assumed a leadership of a charity organization called “The Association of Islamic
Charitable Projects” in 1983 (the organization was founded in 1930 and
remained purely a charity endowment until the sheikh’s ascendancy of power ).
Once installed himself on the leadership, the sheikh turned the organization to
a new faction proclaiming itself a preacher of the true creed of “Ahlu-Sunnah
Wal-Jama’ah” (Sunni Islam). The Ethiopian origin of the sheikh gave to his
organization the popular nickname known as “Ahbash” (“the Abyssinians”) to whom
members of the association have no objection. The members of the association
say that they adhere to the “Shafi’i” school of law, one of the four
canonically accepted legal schools of Sunni Islam.
According to Ahbash, the theology of
Sunni Islam has been polluted by a continuous waves emanating from the
Wahhabiyya sect which was agitated by old time clerics like Ibn Teymiyyah and
Ibn Qayyim (14th century Syrian scholars), synthesized as separate
school by the 18th century Saudi scholar called Muhammad
Abdulwahhab, and highly propagated from the beginning of 20th
century by the state backed Saudi scholars and their adversaries throughout the
world.
Ahbash says “The adherents of
Wahhabiyya blaspheme the Muslim majority of polytheism while the latter worship
only one God. They denounce the veneration of the shrines of the Muslim saints
as an act of polytheism while Islam doesn’t forbid it. They even shed the blood
of Muslims who argued with them on this issue. They negate the Muslim majority
by formulating a new school other than the four schools of Sunni Islam. Through
its extremism and incapability to co-exist with other faiths, the Wahhabiyya
has given a very bad image to Islam and Muslims.”
Ahbash also teaches that its followers
shouldn’t emphasize political activism on primary basis even though they have
rights to do so, and they should largely focus on accumulating practical
knowledge and striving to be high competitors in commerce and industry. For
Ahbash, whatever the motive would be there is no need to protest against the
law of any country as long as the governments of these countries respect the
basics of freedom of worship. This is very essential in the case of non-Islamic
countries of the world. Even in Islamic countries, where Muslims are the
majority, protesting is not allowed. The Ahbash justifies this statement by
quoting the popular saying of the prophet which addresses the people to obey
the regime even if the leader is a brutal and oppressive one. In contrast,
Ahbash believes that the “Wahhabiyya” sect seeks to install a government based
on “Sharia” law even in non-Muslim countries. For that, Ahbash say the
“Wahhabi” sect is unfit to exist in today’s world because of its supposedly
intolerant and extremist behavior.
However, the vast majority of
Ethiopian Muslims see Ahbash as a deviant sect whose doctrinal settings don’t
fit the true Sunni beliefs. They say that the faction’s claim of following the
“Shafi’i” rite has been disproved by famous scholars of Shafi’i school. For
this claim, they point to the “fatwa” (religious edict) given by famous Islamic
institutions like “Al-Azhar University” (Egypt) which is the main propagator of
Shafi’i school of law.
These Muslims also say that Ahbash’s
defense of non-Islamic practices such as shrine venerations are not supported
by Shafi’i school of law because Islam doesn’t teach the worship of worldly
gods. Some of the bad practices prevalent among Muslims of Ethiopia (like
shrine venerations, superstitions, use of magic etc…) came from backwardness
and Muslim preachers must teach the people about their danger. The effort of
Ahbash to defend these practices clearly shows that the faction has no concern
for the first and most important principle of Islam which is to worship only
one God. And it is nobody else but the one who opposes these non-Islamic
practices whom the Ahbash faction calls “Wahhabiyya”. On conclusion, the
majority of Muslims say “Ahbash clearly strives to demolish the true tenets of
Islam which can be justified by its deviated stance on the worship of Allah”.
Another accusation raised by the
Muslim majority is the issue of heresy. Most of the Muslims believe that Ahbash
promotes confusing and highly heretical doctrines. The list of these heretical
beliefs include ( among others): It is forbidden to ask Allah to forgive all
Muslims and a Muslim must seek forgiveness only for himself; there is no
“Zakat” (obligatory alms) on paper money; Muslim women can wear tights and
woman’s wearing of “niqab” (face-veil) is out of Islam ; receiving bank
interest is allowed as long as the owners of the bank are non- Muslims; you can
cheat or lie to non-Muslim and you can steal the property of non-Muslim; you
can curse and insult the companions of the prophet (s.a.w) who rebelled against
the caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, the fourth caliph of Sunni Islam etc…
The other most important accusation on
Ahbash is directed on the organization’s practice of “Takfir” (an edict of
apostasy on those who are believed to violate the orders of Islam). It is said
that Ahbash categorized those Muslims who doesn’t adhere to its beliefs as
“apostates” and members are told to excommunicate these “apostates”. The list
of these “apostates” includes many of the leading Muslim scholars starting from
the imams of the Grand Mosque of Mecca (Masjid Al-Haram). The majority of Muslims believe that the
purpose of these apostasy “fatawa” (Takfir) is to disrupt the unity and peace
of the Muslim society.
The political passiveness advocated by
Ahbash is also rejected by the mass. The majority of the Muslims believe that
Islam doesn’t prohibit from participating in politics; it teaches rather
everybody should use his knowledge and money to serve his country and people.
On the other hand, the majority of Ethiopian Muslims believe that the issue of
Islamic state has never been advocated by any section of the Muslim mass.
Who has Chosen “Ahbash” as an Ideology
to Expand in Ethiopia? Why Do They Choose It?
The majority of Muslims believe that
the ideology of Ahbash is favored by different parties for different reasons.
In their eye, the first of these parties to support a plan of spreading the
Ahbash ideology in Ethiopia were the leaders of “Majlis” who are terrified by
the growth of “Wahhabi” sect. Some of my informants (who told me not to expose
their identity) said that they heard “Majlis” leaders saying “The Wahhabi sect
posed a big threat on the shrines of Muslim saints and old standing Sufi
practices such as the celebration of the birth day of Prophet Muhammad. We
couldn’t protect ourselves from the expanding ‘Wahhabi’ sect. So we must combat
it in collaboration of groups such as Ahbash who are experienced in attacking
Wahhabism.”
The second party perceived as the
instigator of the campaign includes a handful of western countries who were highly
concerned about what they call “the growing Wahhabi influence in Ethiopia”. For
the west, Ethiopian Muslim scholars say, the growth of “Wahhabism” is not a
matter of faith; it is an issue of a threat to their national interest and
security. The westerns believe that radical groups like Al-Qa’ida are
influenced by “Wahhabi ideology”. Therefore, according to the belief of many
Muslim scholars, the “Ahbashism campaign” whose aim was to counter the “Wahhabi
growth” must have been supported by these western nations. However, the
westerns do so usually through indirect methods. For example, sources say that
some western countries were financing the rehabilitation projects of Muslim
shrines whose existence became at risk due to the expansion of the so called “Wahhabi”
sect.
Some people also argue that certain
scholars regarded as experienced analysts of the geopolitics of the horn of
Africa such as Hagai Erlich, the Professor Emeritus of history at the Tel Aviv
University, were advocating the importance of favoring the Ahbash sect which
would be in their sight beneficial for both Ethiopia and its western
allies.
The third and most important party
accused by Muslims of instigating “the Ahbashism” campaign is the government of
Ethiopia. They say that the Ethiopian government decided to have a leading role
in the campaign because of certain socially and geo-politically motivated
scenarios. These include government’s interest to use the campaign as one
method of “divide and rule” system, the political passiveness advocated by
Ahbash, the pressure coming from the diplomatic nations which stressed that
“Wahhabism” should be curtailed, and the continuous appealing of the leadership
of the “Majlis” against the rival sect of “Wahhabiya”. For all of these parties, according to
viewers, “Ahbash” is an ideal candidate thought as having the ability to set
back the expansion of the “Wahhabiyya” sect.
However, the majority of Muslims
believe that the parties presumed as the instigators of the Ahbashism campaign
are either ignorant of the reality of Ethiopian Muslim society and Ahbash
faction or they are cheating the mass by magnifying the evils of the so called
“Wahhabiyya” sect. They say that teaching strictness in worship of only one God
is Islam’s basic tenet and it shouldn’t be linked to any sect. Furthermore,
Ethiopian Muslim preachers hardly encourage their followers to demolish the
shrines of saints. What they do is discouraging the people visiting the shrines
of saintly figures.
On the other hand, many Muslims
believe that the growing observance of religious practices by Ethiopian Muslims
cannot be attached to external sources; it is a product brought by Ethiopian
Muslims themselves, and it shouldn’t be feared by politicians as a threat to
national security. Furthermore, many people stress that due to the so called
“growing Wahhabi influence”, Ethiopian Muslims don’t change their good conduct
of religious tolerance for which they have been known for centuries.
The Two Campaigns in Practice
Ethiopian Muslims say that “the
Ahbashism campaign” officially began in July/2011 when the Ministry of the
Federal Affairs of Ethiopia and the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs
(Majlis) arranged a training session for 600 Muslim clerics elected from
different parts of the country. The luxuries training had taken place in one
campus of Haramaya University (located in East Ethiopia). The Minister of the
Federal Affairs announced on spot that the government allocated more than
11,000,000 Ethiopian Birr (around 8000, 000 USD) for a series of trainings
focusing on peace and religious tolerance .The trainers came from Beirut where
the Ahbash headquarter is located.
However, the majority of the Muslims
explain that the training was not focused on religious tolerance as the
Minister of Federal Affairs said. The main course of the session was titled
“the Evil Caused by Wahhabiyyah”. Even in some occasions, the Lebanese Ahbash
scholars were seen enforcing the trainees to announce their belief in new form
by uttering the two Islamic testimony of faith (i.e. saying “There is no god
but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”).
Similar trainings were undertaken
throughout the whole of the country. Those who refused to participate in the
trainings would be removed from the leadership of the district and Zonal
“Majlis” and from being imam of the mosques. As result, thousands were thrown
out of the mosques where they served the community for many years.
The government has undertaken a series
of persuasive meetings throughout the country. Some of these meeting were lead
by the top government officials. For example, Minister Juneydi Sado (minister
of civil service) has been preaching the Ahbash ideology to the Muslim
residents of many towns of Oromia regional state. Officials like Bereket Simon
(minister of government communications affairs), Kuma Demeksa (mayor of Addis
Ababa city) and Redwan Hussein (head of the Addis Ababa EPRDF office) have also
tried their best to convince the Muslim members of the ruling party to accept
the continuity of Ahbashism campaign.
Since August/2011, the government
officials were undertaking a terrorizing media campaign. On one occasion, the
Minister of the Federal Affairs said “The government has officially declared
‘Wahhabiya’ to be an extremist sect that strives to topple the constitution and
install an Islamic state” (His statement was published on the weekly Amharic
called “Reporter”). Documentary films and Radio programs were broadcasted on
the state run media. The press owned by the government continuously published
propaganda articles supporting the Ahbashism campaign.
The government expressed its support
to the “Majlis” when the latter deposed the committees of different Islamic
madrasa (schools). It also stood on the side of the “Majlis” when 50 teachers
of Aweliya Islamic College were sacked and the college was put under the board
of the directors lead by Majlis representatives; some of them are well-known
members of Ahbash (the current chairperson of the board is Sheikh Azzam Yusuf,
vice president of the Federal Majlis and a leading member of Ahbash
organization in Ethiopia.).
Meanwhile, the government opened a
massive harassment campaign especially in the countryside. Thousands are
reportedly arrested and held in prisons without any charges. Many scholars were
prohibited from teaching Islamic subjects.
The Ahbashism campaign was met by an
“Anti-Ahbashism Campaign” in which the majority of the Muslims are expressing
their discontent and disapproval of the Ahbashism campaign. Many writers have
challenged the legality of the government’s intervention in the religious
affairs of the Muslims. By using different media outlets and the press, many
people are warning about the evil motives of Ahbashism Campaign. Through
different websites and social networking channels, they are telling to the
world the challenges they have faced on their faith.
The strongest of all anti-Ahbashism
resistance movements is the peaceful public demonstration being held weekly at
Aweliya College and many mosques of Addis Ababa and other towns. The start of
the movement was a small demonstration undertaken by the students of Aweliya
College about three months ago when the “Majlis” sacked 50 teachers of the
college. It then remained a weekly public rally confined in Aweliya College and
its surroundings where hundreds of thousands of Muslims pray the mandatory
Friday Prayer (Salatul Jum’a) together and speak against “the Ahbashism
campaign” in one voice.
On the third public rally at Aweliya
(January 28/2012), the attendants of the mass movement elected a committee
which represents them and speak on their behalf. Through a massive networking
and petition collecting activity undertaken in few days, the committee has got
support from millions of the citizens. The government approved the committee’s
legal status and invited it to discuss the demand of the Muslim society. Three
critical questions were presented to the government:
1. The current leadership of “Majlis” doesn’t represent Ethiopian
Muslims, so it must be substituted by an elected representatives of the Muslim
society (it is said that the last
election of Majlis leadership was undertaken in 2000)
2. The “Majlis” should stop indoctrinating the people with Ahbash
ideology (But Ahbash can preach its ideology independently)
3. The Aweliya Islamic institute should be administered by an
independent board of directors which has no attachment to the “Majlis”
At the start the government resembled
a positive arbitrator. It promised to answer the questions in a positive way
and appointed the committee members for another discussion. When the discussion
was held on the planned date, however, it turned back against its words. The
government openly said “The problem of our country is not Ahbash. It is
Wahhabiya who has been fueling religious tensions in the country. Churches and
mosques were burned and many people were slaughtered by Wahhabiyya. Places like
Aweliya were serving the Wahhabiya sect to expand. We won’t allow this anymore.
We will continue to suppress the Wahhabiya sect”. Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
on his recent speech in Ethiopian parliament (April 17/2012) denied anything
like this while he was heard praising the Ahbash ideology.
Having heard the response of the
government, the mass of Ethiopian Muslims have increased their opposition in
all fronts. The protests spread from “Awoliya compound” to the mosques of Addis
Ababa. On April 20/2012, about one million have demonstrated in Aweliya
institute and other places to shout for the right of Ethiopian Muslims. Similar
protests continue in the whole of the country.
In one of the protests that took place
at Assasa town (Arsi province, Oromiya regional state) on April 27/2012, the
Federal police security forces killed at least seven protesters and wounded
many more. The government said that the protesters were killed when they burned
down a police station and a post office to demand the release of certain
“Jihadist” imam. But witnesses say the people were killed outside a mosque of
the town when they protested at the arresting of a religious scholar called
Sheikh Su’ud Aman.
The news about the incident of Assasa
spread throughout the country and aggravated the tension between government and
the people. Despite the government’s announcement to take repressive measures,
in the next Friday (May 5/2012), the Muslim protests even spread to towns of
Somali and Afar regions. And more protests are occurring in the country. In an
interview with the Voice of America, Sheikh Abubeker Ahmed, the head of the
committee elected at Aweliya to speak on behalf of the Muslim majority, said
that some authorities of the government are defaming the committee members by
using statements like “These people are leading a group of hooligans”. He further said “We are not asking any
illegal question. All what we ask are the rights of the Muslims which the
government stated in the constitution of the country. We will not retreat back
because of the recent propaganda war”
The Assasa killing also caused
international media to report about the ongoing protests in Ethiopia. Famous
newspapers like Washington Post and Chicago Tribune start to write about the
Ethiopian Muslim protests although half of them based their reports only on the
information they got from government’s spokesperson.
On the other hand, due to the
pioneering act of Aljazeera channel and some Muslim oriented media ,the problem
of Ethiopian Muslims have become a discussion topic for international Muslim
scholars. For example, two days after the Assasa killings, Sheikh Yusuf
Al-Qaradawi, the leading Mufti of Sunni Islam and the president of the World
Council of Muslim Scholars spoke in favor of Ethiopian Muslims. In his speech
broadcasted on the weekly program of Aljazeera titled “Al-Shari’a wal-Hayat”
(“the Shari’a and Life”), Professor Yusuf Al-Qaradawi condemned the hijacking
of Ethiopian Majlis by “Ahbash” faction and said
“This group is an evil one known for its deviation and illegitimate ‘takfir’ (giving edict of apostasy). The followers of the faction are not men of religion. They are people who want to spread evil on this world. They are disturbing the society by distributing rumors and insulting the scholars. The Ethiopians must take care of this deviant group”.
“This group is an evil one known for its deviation and illegitimate ‘takfir’ (giving edict of apostasy). The followers of the faction are not men of religion. They are people who want to spread evil on this world. They are disturbing the society by distributing rumors and insulting the scholars. The Ethiopians must take care of this deviant group”.
Latest unofficial information says
that the government decided to dissolve the current leadership of “Majlis”
council and to undertake elections for new leadership. It is also briefed that
the Federal Affairs Ministry has allocated the finance needed for the
elections; the directive of the election is also formulated by the ministry.
Amazingly, the informants say that the “Ahbashism” campaign will continue under
the future leadership. The majority of Muslims denounce this information and
say “We won’t accept any proposal which doesn’t guarantee us on the fulfillment
our requests. We continue our struggle until we attain full victory”.
Conclusion
In this short article I tried to show
the start, extents and current status of the “Ahbashism Campaign” in Ethiopia
and the reaction it received from the Muslim populace through “Anti-Ahbashism
campaign”. The most outstanding outcome of the two campaigns is the bond of
unity created among Ethiopian Muslims. Recently, in an interview with OnIslam
website, one observer described this outcome by saying “The government and
‘Majlis’ couldn’t draw a line between what they called ‘Sufi’ and ‘Salafi’. We
proved we are one”.
Here is the main question. What will
be the future trend of the campaign? As a Muslim, I can’t say many words about
the future since the future is in the hand of God. But I definitely say neither
the government nor the Majlis can meet their demand by applying any illegal
methodology. And tomorrow is another
day!!
References:
1.
Aljazeera Arabic: A
report about Muslim protests in Addis Ababa, broadcasted on Friday April 27, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjOWb3JA704&feature=share
2.
Aljazeera Arabic: A
report about Ethiopian Muslim protests in Addis Ababa, broadcasted on May 5/2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtE-YcdBcKE&feature=relmfu
4.
Aweliya Muslim Representatives Committee: Press
Release http://addisvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/dimtsachin_yisema.pdf
5.
Daily Nation: Tension Rises in
Ethiopia amid Muslim Protests www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Tension+rises+in+Ethiopia+amid+Muslim+protests+/-/1066/1400782/-/ym40uwz/-/index.html
6.
Ethiomedia: Muslim
protests engulf Ethiopia: Government Expels two Arabs: http://www.ethiomedia.com/2012_report/3773.html
7.
Ethiomedia : Five
Killed as Ethiopian Muslim Protests Continue: http://www.ethiomedia.com/2012_report/3773.html
8.
Hamzeh, A. Nizar and Dekmejian, R. Hrair A
Sufi Response to Political Islamism: Al-Ahbash of Lebanon: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Beirut,
Lebanon: American University of Beirut, 1996
http://ddc.aub.ed.lb/projects/pspa/al-ahbash.html
9.
Jawar Mohammed: Growing
Muslim Activism and the Ethiopian State: Accommodation or Repression? http://blog.ethiopianmuslims.net/?p=2119
10. Kabha, Mustafa and Erlich, Haggai: Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of
Islam. International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 2006 http://aigaforum.com/documents/Al-Ahbash-whaibyya.pdf
11. Mohammed Ali Alula Al-Hashimi: Ethiopian
Muslims and the Ahbash Controversy: www.crescent-online.net/special-reports/2018-february2012/3252-ethiopian-muslims-and-the-ahbash-controversy-.html
12. OnIslam.net : Muslims
Dead in Ethiopia Ahbashism Protests http://www.onislam.net/english/news/africa/456846-muslims-dead-in-ethiopia-ahbashism-protests.html
13. OnIslam.net: Ethiopia
Muslims Decry Ahbashism Campaign www.onislam.net/english/news/3337/456710.html
14. The Reporter : The
Minister called Wahhabiyya an extremist sect http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/news/293-news/3680-2011-10-12-06-18-47.html)
15. Reuters: Ethiopia
Muslims Protest Government Interference. http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFL5E8FO71920120510?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0
16. Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Speech about Ahbash and Ethiopian Muslims: broadcasted on Aljazeera TV www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfCD1fapYoo
17. Shinn, David H.: Islam
and conflict in the Horn of Africa http://www.ephrem.org/dehai_archive/2005/nov04-jan05/0562.html
18. Ubah Abdusalam Seid: The
Ahbashism Campaign in Ethiopia and the Resistance of the Muslim Society www.bilaltube.com/articles/read-the-“ahbashism”-campaign-in-ethiopia-and-the-resistance-of-the-muslim-people_56.html
19. The Washington Post: Ethiopia
Expels Two Arabs amid Tension with Muslim Community
Yuunus Hajji Mul’ataa is an author and
researcher of Islam in Ethiopia. The above article was first released on
ethiomedia website, May 16, 2012 Yuunus Hajji Mul’ataa is an author and
researcher of Islam in Ethiopia. The above article was first released on
ethiomedia website, May 16, 2012
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